A Midsummer Nights Dream Research Paper Example

A Midsummer Nights Dream Research Paper Example A Midsummer Nights Dream Paper A Midsummer Nights Dream Paper Essay Topic: Literature This passage from A Midsummer Nights Dream occurs near the resolution of the play, when unions between lovers are being strengthened and the different worlds of the play are in the process of becoming reconciled. To facilitate the typical harmonious denouement of a Shakespearian comedy, the diverse subplots and imaginative worlds that exist within the drama must come together, resulting in a comedic closure in which harmony reigns. The appearance of two different sets of characters that belong to the development of two different subplots in this extract illustrates Shakespeares wider practice in the comedy: that of orchestrating numerous subplots, which all terminate at the conclusion of the play with marriage, celebration and harmony. The plot strands featured in this passage the love battles between Lysander and Hermia, and Demetrius and Helena; and the preparations by the group of mechanicals, led by Nick Bottom, to stage a play, constitute only two of the four subplots to be found in A Midsummer Nights Dream. The story that provides the context and impetus for much of the action in the play is the impending marriage of Theseus of Athens to Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, and later its celebration. Theseus and his court in ancient Greece provide the frame for the play, and Theseus stands in judgement of the affairs of the exponents of the courtly world. It is he who establishes the tone of the play at the outset: Now, fair Hippolyta, our nuptial hour / Draws on apace. Four happy days bring in / Another moon (I. i. -3), and also he who summarises the trend for order at the end: Lovers, to bed; tis almost fairy time / A fortnight hold we this solemnity / In nightly revels and new jollity (V. i. 357-363). A fourth subplot centres on the fairy kingdom, and particularly the quarrel between Oberon and Titania. The magical aspects involved in the plots of the aristocrats and the mechanicals derive from this source, and the mythical and altogether unreal dimension of this realm allows Shakespeare to weave together different plots into a coherent whole without having to give it the semblance of reality. It is the sudden absence of this illusory world in the lives of both the aristocrats and of Bottom that provides the subject for the passage in the fourth act, as both groups ponder whether it has all been a dream: It seems to me / That yet we sleep, we dream. (IV. i. 192-3) A Midsummer Nights Dream weaves together three diverse worlds to create one consistent but essentially timeless universe. The two young sets of lovers are representative of the aristocratic court of ancient Athens, and as such are subject to the rules and conventions by which the court is governed. The rustic population of the Elizabethan English countryside is presented through the depiction of the mechanicals, of which Bottom is the most prominent character. These two diverse groups, with lifestyles, language and habits that differ wildly, find themselves subject to the same puissant force of fairyland and its representatives. This is a realm rooted in neither ancient Greece nor the Elizabethan era; it transcends the bounds of time. Oberon and Titania, who preside over this unworldly realm, are the parents and original of the spring, the summer, / The childing autumn, angry winter,(act II, scene I, lines 111-2); they also exercise complete control over the human mortals (II. i. 101). Thus two polarised social classes are united in this passage, as in the whole of A Midsummer Nights Dream, by the operations of the enchanted fairyland and its inhabitants. The passage Shakespeares comedy juxtaposes these representatives of such diverse social classes. The young aristocrats belong to a socially produced world of the court, over which Theseus presides as the paragon of order. In the lines preceding the selected passage, Theseus not only seeks to impose order, in the form of the social institution of marriage, upon the natural chaos of love outside the constraints of the court: For in the temple by and by with us / These couples shall eternally be knit (IV. i. 79-180); but he also dismisses the unworldly fairy kingdom in favour of the safe, explicable domain of the court: he did bid us follow to the temple. (IV. i. 195). Bottom, however, is subject to no such codes of conduct he is a rustic character who follows only his basic instincts. He is a weaver and a member of a class of tradesmen and manual labourers Hard-handed men that work in Athens here, / Which never laboured in their minds (V. I. 72), and as his name suggests, he occupie s a low social status. The juxtaposing of the different groups of characters in the passage from A Midsummer Nights Dream accentuates the chasm between the cultures of different social groups, and heightens the comedy of Bottoms responses when contrasted with the sophisticated language of the aristocrats to the same mystical circumstances. As would be expected, the status of each character in society determines his mode of speech. Bottom, as a low-status character, speaks in prose, a form usually reserved by the playwright for those of a low social standing. Throughout A Midsummer Nights Dream, Bottom, along with his fellow mechanicals, has been established as a clown-like figure of fun. The incident with the ass head, for example, indicates that Bottom is a comically absurd character, with little intellect: If I had enough wit to get out of this wood, I have enough to serve mine own turn, (III. i. 141-3). His frequent use of nonsensical banter: I pray you commend me to Mistress Squash, your mother, and to Master Peascod, your father (III. i. 178-9), ensures that he is portrayed as something of an idiot. It therefore comes as no surprise to the audience that his discourse, in which he seeks to make sense of the magical experience from which he has supposedly awoken, is muddled, confused and unfocused. The irrelevant references to the pageant due to be staged by the mechanicals: When my cue comes, call me, and I will answer. My next is most fair Pyramus. (IV. i) contrast to the composed, albeit slightly confused, responses of the young lovers, and compound Bottoms status as an unintelligent fool. Because he is uneducated Bottom tries, but fails, to articulate his feelings: Methought I was there is no man can tell what. Methought I was, and methought I had but man is but a patched fool if he will offer to say what methought I had. (IV. i. ). The only means by which he can gain full expression is through the inept and unprofessional staging of the labourers play (incidentally, a play that sits in sharp contrast to the well-written performance that the audience are now watching): I will get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream. It shall be called Bottoms Dream, because it hath no bottom, and I will sing it in the latter end of a play, before the Duke. (IV. i. ). In contrast, the verse of the young lovers is eloquent and flowing, with an imaginative expression which is entirely fitting for their social status. Demetrius words are poetic and laden with rich imagery: Like far off mountains turned into clouds (IV. i. 186-7), and the lines spoken by Helena, although referring to her emotional situation, allude to her material circumstances: I have found Demetrius like a jewel, / Mine own and not mine own. (IV. i. 191-1). Yet because the characters who speak these lines are less well-developed than Bottom, who is the most substantial persona in the play, the audience engages less with them than with Bottoms colloquial, endearing and accessible modes of expression. Lysander and Demetrius are little more than types with little complex characterisation; Helena and Hermia are more substantial characters, and Hermia in particular is possessed of some drive and energy: How low am I, thou painted maypole? Speak, How low am I? I am not yet so low But that my nails can reach unto thine eyes. III. ii. 297-9); but it is Bottom who wins the audiences favour because he is such a well-rounded character, and not limited to a mere embodiment of a particular theory or moral standpoint as Theseus is. He is a tangible person, made up of base and earthly instincts possessed by all mankind, and has the humour, albeit often unintended, to make the audience identify with him. Furthermore, he is privileged by his unique insight into the fairytale world inhabited by Titania and her fairies the only human in the play to be granted such an insight. The contrasts between these species of character their difference in language, the varying depths of characterisation and the general class divide make for a passage which is arresting in its dramatic presentation. When the fairy realm which has sustained both groups of characters for several acts is suddenly withdrawn, those who were once in its power are left confused and unsettled. Their experiences of the unworldly are compared to, indeed presumed to be, a dream: I have had a most rare vision. I have had a dream past the wit of man to say what dream it was. (IV. i. ). Shakespeare, through the enunciation of his characters, draws a subtle parallel between the evanescence of dreams, and that of love, which is a prominent theme of A Midsummer Nights Dream. The aristocrats voice an awareness of the inconstancy of love it is frail, temperamental and fickle: I wot not by what power- But by some power it is my love to Hermia, Melted as the snow, (MND, VI. i. 163-5). The already unst able force of love is even more vulnerable to change in the fairy kingdom, where there are few guides to behaviour. Away from the court, relationships are subject to mood or fancy rather than to any notions of proper behaviour: Tarry, rash wanton (II. i. 63), and so the fairy realm is not conducive to the settled human institution of marriage. Thus Theseus orders the removal of the couples to Athens, where order can once again reign over the disordered experience of love. The advantages of residing in the social world are made patent by setting exponents of this social world within an undomesticated and irresponsible fairy realm. In the comedic tradition, the stability that social institutions deliver is glorified. At the end of A Midsummer Nights Dream, all parties are seen to benefit from the institution of marriage; even the fairy king and queen, whose quarrel has lasted the entire length of the play, are reconciled at the end in a heterosexual harmony: Now thou and I are new in amity, (IV. I. 86). The conclusion of the play asserts mans concord with the world, and the neat union of different worlds: While these visions did appear; And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream A Midsummer Nights Dream challenges the audiences sense of imagination and perception by placing the intellectual and worldly realism of the court next to the mystical qualities of a fairy tale. It raises and explores the issues of love, reason, class, the place of art and the wisdom of social institutions, but ultimately Shakespeare leaves it to the audience to form their own judgements on these matters. The play carries a deep significance to man, as we are made to examine our own notions of truth and reality, notions that underpin all human interaction: The poets eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven, And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poets pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. (V. i. 12-17).

Van Gogh in Provance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Van Gogh in Provance - Essay Example Van Gogh found Arles to be an attractive destination with its Provencal landscapes and intense light and colors when he arrived there in February, 1888. During his time in Provence, he produced over three hundred paintings, water colours and drawings. Van Gogh’s drawings were made with a wide variety of tools and materials, and his subjects ranged from still life depictions to â€Å"interiors, gardens, parks, townscapes, landscapes, and seascapes to figure studies and portraits†. The skill and accuracy of van Gogh’s mark making in the mature reed-pen and ink drawings of the Provencal period are amazing to view. This paper has highlighted Vincent Van Gogh’s life when he was in Provence, France. The works that the artist created while in Provence, the unique qualities of nature characterized by luminous brightness and rich colors in the South of France that influenced his work were examined, his lifestyle and passion for creating his artistic works, and finally his attacks of mental illness and subsequent decline towards taking his own life were discussed. Van Gogh was passionately committed to understanding and recording his experiences of nature and to find the transcendant meaning of the radiant light of the Midi. Krohn believes that any inquiry into the nature of beauty is a noble enterprise. Most pilgrims who travel in this pursuit, discover that the investigation and the inward journey form the greatest rewards. The discussion of the life and powerful works of the artist van Gogh help to get insights into the artist dedicated to his work but was unable to find relief from his tormenting mental condition. His tremendous artistic productivity within a short span of time is remarkable, taking into account the high quality and commanding stature of his works.

Attack Prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attack Prevention - Essay Example he information in the computer is not secure, this is because it is susceptible to people who hack the software’s and access the information .The ones responsible for hacking the computer today, are believed to have bad intentions of manipulating other peoples information stored in the computer. The core reason for the article is to inform home users on how criminals are on rise to involve them in fraud and data theft with an aim of getting wealth through their criminal activities of hacking other peoples software’s. The article refers from an article that is online from Cyber Media India Online Ltd, that claims that home users are always at high risk due to poor security measures in place and thus become victims at all times. It also suggests on the use of malicious code as a way of attacking desktop software’s and web browsers. The article also offers some techniques on how the home users can put home security measures to curb malicious networks and application dealings (Chou, 2014). The page was written by an organization and the author is unclearly identified and I think the identification of the author to miss is purposeful. The author of the article is affiliated to the organization because he/she has written on the topic related to the aim of the organization which is to inform the public about the criminal acts by the hackers of software’s. The page where the article is written does not give a link that is blank for one to comment or ask questions regarding the article (Chou, 2014) This is a scholarly site and the author is writing towards achieving the goals of the site but not to sell the information. The article tries to inform about various mechanism that can be used as prevention measures to avoid fraud and theft of data. It is very easy to identify a specific point of view in this article. The site targets the scholars and at the same time, the general public. The main objective of the site is to inform and educate both the general public

Equivalence in Translation Essay Example for Free

Equivalence in Translation Essay Professionally, however, the term translation is | |confined to the written, and the term interpretation to the spoken (Newmark, 1991: 35). If confined to a written language, translation is a | |cover term with three distinguishable meanings: 1) translating, the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object), 2)| |a translation: the product of the process of translating (e. g. the translated text), and 3) translation: the abstract concept which | |encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process Bell (1991: 13). The term translation used and discussed | |throughout this paper is confined to the written language, and refers to both the product and process of translating. | | | |The definitions of translation suggested above imply that producing the same meaning or message in the target language text as intended by | |the original author is the main objective of a translator. This notion of sameness is often understood as an equivalence relation between | |the source and target texts. This equivalence relation is generally considered the most salient feature of a quality translation. | | | |2. Problems of Equivalence | | | |The principle that a translation should have an equivalence relation with the source language text is problematic. There are three main | |reasons why an exact equivalence or effect is difficult to achieve. Firstly, it is impossible for a text to have constant interpretations | |even for the same person on two occasions (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995: 14). According to these translation scholars: | | | |before one could objectively assess textual effects, one would need to have recourse to a fairly detailed and exact theory of psychological | |effect, a theory capable, among other things, of giving an account of the aesthetic sensations that are often paramount in response to a | |text (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995: 14). | | | |Secondly, translation is a matter of subjective interpretation of translators of the source language text. Thus, producing an objective | |effect on the target text readers, which is the same as that on the source text readers is an unrealistic expectation. Thirdly, it may not | |be possible for translators to determine how audiences responded to the source text when it was first produced (ibid, p. 14). Miao (2000) | |gives a specific example of the impossibility of the equivalence relation: | | | |If an original was written centuries ago and the language of the original is difficult to comprehend for modern readers, then a simplified | |translation may well have greater impact on its readers that the original had on the readers in the source culture. No translator would | |hinder the readers comprehension by using absolute expressions in order to achieve equivalent effect (Miao, 2000: 202) | | | |Because the target text can never be equivalent to the source text at all levels, researchers have distinguished different types of | |equivalence (Lauscher, 2000: 151). Nida (1964) suggests formal and dynamic or functional equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses attention | |on the message itself, in both form and content. It requires that the message in the target language should match as closely as possible the| |different elements in the source language (p.159). Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, where the | |relationship between the receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the | |message (p. 159). Newmark (1981) makes a distinction between communicative and semantic translation. Like Nidas dynamic equivalence, | |communicative translation also tries to create the effect on the target text reader which is the same as that received by readers of the | |source language text. Koller (1997) proposes denotative, connotative, pragmatic, textual, formal and aesthetic equivalence. Munday (2001) | |describes these five different types of equivalence as follows: | |1. Denotative equivalence is related to equivalence of the extralinguistic content of a text. | |2. Connotative equivalence is related to the lexical choices, especially between near-synonyms. | |3. Text-normative equivalence is related to text types, with texts behaving in different ways. | |4. Pragmatic equivalence, or communicative equivalence, is oriented towards the receiver of the text or message. | |5. Formal equivalence is related to the form and aesthetics of the text, includes word plays and the individual stylistic features of the | |source text (p. 47). | | | |Baker (1992) classifies various problems of equivalence in translation and suggests some strategies to deal with them. Adopting a bottom-up | |approach, she begins with simple words and phrases and continues with grammatical, textual and pragmatic equivalences. | | | |3. Strategies to solve problems of equivalence | | | |As has been mentioned above, problems of equivalence occur at various levels, ranging from word to textual level. The equivalence problems | |emerge due to semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical differences between the source language and the target language. These three areas | |of equivalence problems are intertwined with one another. The meaning(s) that a word refers to are culturally bound, and in most cases the | |meaning(s) of a word can only be understood through its context of use. | | | |Due to semantic, socio-cultural, grammatical differences between the source language and the target language, loss and addition of | |information in translation cannot be avoided. Basnett-McGuire (1991) states that once the principle is accepted that sameness cannot exist | |between the two languages, it is possible to approach the question of loss and gain in the translation process (p. 30). Bell (1991: 6) | |suggests a similar point that something is always lost or, one might suggest, gained in the process, and according to Nida (1975), all | |types of translation involve 1) loss of information, 2) addition of information, and /or 3) skewing of information (p. 27). To conform to | |the stylistic demands and grammatical conventions of the target language, structural adjustment in translation is inevitably needed. These | |possibilities are expanded below. | | | |3. 1 Addition of information | | | |Information which is not present in the source language text may be added to the target language text. According to Newmark (1988: 91), | |information added to the translation is normally cultural (accounting for the differences between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to| |the topic), or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words). The additional information may be put in the text (i. e. by putting it in | |brackets) or out of the text (i.e. by using a footnote or annotation). Such additional information is regarded as an extra explanation of | |culture-specific concepts (Baker, 1992) and is obligatory specification for comprehension purposes. Native speakers of Batak Tapanuli | |language (the native language of Batak community in North Sumatra), for example, have the word marhusip which literally means to whisper. | |If the word marhusip is used in the context of discussing marriage within the community in question, its meaning is more than to whisper. | |It refers specifically to a situation where family members of the bride meet family members of the groom to talk about the dowry. In the | |meeting, family members of the bride whisper with one another while deciding the amount of dowry they ask from the groom. Family members of | |the groom also do they same thing while deciding whether to accept or reject it. In this context, the word marhusip may be translated into | |to whisper, but additional information to clarify the meaning of marhusip is needed to help target readers understand its underlying | |concept. | | | |Addition of information for specification purposes is also required if ambiguity occurs in the receptor language formation and if the fact | |that greater specificity may be required so as to avoid misleading reference (Nida, 1964: 227). It would be misleading, for example, if the| |word men in Tannen is an apologist for men is translated into para pria in Indonesian. The reason is that it does not actually refer to men | |in general but to American men in particular, who became the focus of Tannens study on male-female interactions. It can be argued that | |translators should add the word Amerika to the Indonesian version to avoid ambiguity or to avoid a misleading interpretation of the outcomes| |of the study by Indonesian readers (Nababan, 2003). | | | |Amplification from implicit to explicit status is another factor that requires additions. In relation to this, Nida (1964) states that | |important semantic elements carried implicitly in the source language may require explicit identification in the receptor language (p. | |227). In a given context, the meaning of the sentence, This rule is to round to the nearest even number, is implicitly stated and can easily| |be understood by readers of the original text (See Nababan, 1989 and 1999) If translated into Indonesian, an addition of information of | |suatu angka yang berada pada dua batas kategori (a number lying between two categories) and alteration of word class (the active verb | |membulatkan into the passive verb dibulatkan) are required to achieve grammaticality and produce an explicit meaning for Indonesian readers. | |It is by convention the Indonesian transitive verb membulatkan, as the equivalence of to round, needs an object. In such case, that sentence| |should be rendered into: | | | |Target sentence: | |Menurut aturan pembulatan ini, suatu angka yang berada pada batas dua kategori dibulatkan ke angka genap terdekat. | | | |Back-translation: | |According to the rule, a number lying between two categories is rounded to the nearest even number. | | | |Addition of information may also be required due to the shift of voice and the alteration of word classes to avoid misinterpretation (Nida, | |1964: 227). The word cut in I cut my finger is an active voice. If translated into Indonesian, the word class should be changed into a | |passive one, tersayat (was cut) and the addition of oleh pisau (with knife) is needed if a native speaker of Indonesian means that he or she| |did it by accident. There are also cases where two languages use a different class of words and a different level of utterances to denote | |the same meaning. The adjective adjustable in I have an adjustable chair is changed or translated into an adjective clause yang dapat | |disetel (which can be adjusted) in which the addition of yang (which) is obligatory to achieve grammaticality. | | | |3. 2 Deletion of information | | | |Baker (1992: 40) refers to deletion as omission of a lexical item due to grammatical or semantic patterns of the receptor language (Baker,| |1992: 40). She states further that | | | |this strategy may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts. If the | |meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader | |with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question (Baker, 1992: 40). | | | |There are cases where omission is required to avoid redundancy and awkwardness (Nida, 1964: 228) and this strategy is particularly applied | |if the source language tends be a redundant language. The category of plural in English is both morphologically conditioned (e.g. | |child/children, mouse/mice), and phonologically conditioned (e. g. book/books, box/boxes, pen/pens). In some circumstances, a plural noun is | |also preceded by a determiner showing plurality (some books, three pens). If the double expression of such category is reflected in | |Indonesian, redundancy will occur. It is by convention that the category of plural in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of the | |noun buku-buku (book-book) or by adding a noun quantifier such as beberapa (some) or tiga (three). Once a given noun is in the plural form, | |the quantifier has to be deleted. On the other hand, once there exists a quantifier denoting plurality, the noun in question should be in | |the singular form or the repetition of the noun should be avoided. | | | |As implicitly stated by Baker (1992: 40) above, deletion may also refer to pieces of content rather than restructuring for grammatical | |purposes. Such a deletion of expressions or information is debatable in relation to the translation of academic texts, however. Anyone who | |writes an academic text, for example, will not include unimportant information in his or her writing. Similarly, anyone who reads such a | |text should consider that all information in the text is important. Translators are not an exception; they should read the text as the | |original reader or a non-translator reader reads it. That is to say that this notion of information deletion should not be used as an | |excuse to hide the inability of translators to understand and transfer message of the original text. | | | |3. 3. Structural adjustment | | | |Structural adjustment is another important strategy for achieving equivalence. Structural adjustment which is also called shift (see | |Catford, 1965) or transposition (see Vinay and Darbellnet, 1977) or alteration (see Newmark, 1988) refers to a change in the grammar from SL| |to TL (Newmark, 1988: 85). Similarly, Bell (1991: 6) states that to shift from one language to another is, by definition, to alter the | |forms. The alteration of form may mean changes of categories, word classes, and word orders. Structural adjustment, according to Nida (1964:| |226), has various purposes, including: 1) to permit adjustment of the form of the message to the requirements of structure of the receptor | |language, 2) to produce semantically equivalent structures, 3) to provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness, and 4) to carry an | |equivalent communication load. | | | |Newmark (1988: 85-87) divides the shift of forms into four types. One type of shift is the change from singular to plural or in the position| |of adjective. The position of an adjective in English, for example, may occur before a noun (i.e. a difficult text) or before and after a | |noun (i. e. a difficult text available in the library). An adjective in Indonesian always comes before a noun. Therefore, a difficult text | |and a difficult text available in the library should be translated into sebuah teks sulit (a difficult text) and sebuah teks sulit yang | |tersedia di perpustakaan itu (a difficult text which is available in the library or a difficult text available in the library) respectively. | |A second type of shift is required when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. In English, for example, cohesive devices such | |as however and nevertheless may be put at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. In Indonesian, such cohesive devices always occur at| |the beginning of a sentence. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with | |natural usage in the TL. The English sentence The man to whom she is talking on the phone lives in Jakarta can be translated literally into | |Laki-laki kepada siapa dia sedang berbicara di telepon tinggal di Jakarta. This literal translation is accurate in content but doesnt sound| |Indonesian . To conform to natural usage in Indonesian, the structure of the sentence should be adjusted into Laki-laki yang sedang | |berbicara dengannya di telpon tinggal di Jakarta (The man who is talking to her on the phone lives in Jakarta). The fourth type of | |transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure (see Newmark, 1988: 87). | |In addition to the types of alteration described above, alterations of word classes (i. e. shifts from one class of words to another or from | |word level to phrase or clause level) are also required due to grammatical differences between the source and target languages. The | |preposition with in I am married with three young girls is changed into a conjunction dan (and), and the verb mempunyai needs to be added in| |Indonesian. The prepositional phrase in red in The woman in red is my wife is altered into an adjective clause yang berbaju merah (who wears| |the red clothes). | | | | | |References | | | |Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Sage Publication. | |Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman. | |Bassnett-McGuire, S. 1991. Translation Studies. New York: Methuen Co.Ltd. | |Catford, J. C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Longman. | |Hervey, S. , Higgins, I. , and Haywood, L. M. 1995. Thinking Spanish Translation: A Course in Translation Method: Spanish into English. | | London; New York: Routledge. | |Koller, W. 1995. â€Å"The concept of equivalence and the object of translation studies†. Target, 7 (2), 191-222. | |Miao, J. 2000. â€Å"The limitations of equivalent effect†. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, Vol. 8. No. 3, 197-205. | |Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. London; New York: Routledge. | |Nababan, M. R. 2003. â€Å"Translation Processes, Practices and Products of Professional Indonesian Translators. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Schools| |of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. | |_________. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. | |_________. 1989. â€Å"Analisis terjemahan buku Research Methods and Analysis: Searching for Relationship karya Michael H. Walizer dan Paul, W. | |Wienir ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Sadiman dan Hutagaol†. Unpublished Thesis. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret. | |Newmark, P. 1991. About Translation. Great Britain: Longdunn Press, Ltd. | |__________. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice-Hall International. | |__________. 1981. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press | |Nida, E. 1975. Language Structure and Translation. Standford, California: Standford University Press. | |______. 1964. Towards a Science of Translating. Leiden: Brill. | |Vinay, J. P. and Darbelnet, J. 1965. Stylistique Comparee du Francois et de L’angalis. Paris: Didier. | http://www. proz. com/translation-articles/articles/2071/1/EQUIVALENCE-IN-TRANSLATION%3ASOME-PROBLEM-SOLVING-STRATEGIES

Volunteering Changed My Life :: Contribution to My Community Service

Community Service is a great opportunity to make a difference in the area you live in. There are so many ways to volunteer. Some people are given chances to do community service when they need to pay off fines for tickets. Most people simply do because they love getting involved. It’s their way of making the community a cleaner, healthier place. Tutoring kids is one type of community service. I can say from experience teaching kids to learn is a great feeling. I know because I’ve been tutoring kids for almost seven months. You’ll be surprised how it makes you feel. To have one of your students’ parents thank you because there child has never been able to make an â€Å"A† in there reading or math class. Just hearing those words lets me know that I am already making a difference. The place that I volunteer at is Casa De Amigos and the children that go there really look up to you. Yes you’re helping them to be able to reach their goals but you’re also teaching them that helping the community can change so many lives. There are many activities that will help the community. Another way that I have experience is picking up trash. This one is very important because you are helping the environment and town that you live in. So why not help your environment to be able to apply for a scholarship. It’s also a fun way to meet people that enjoy making a difference. Picking up trash is one of the most common types of community service. There are so many volunteers a day picking up trash in their neighborhood and all around town. To be able to get involved all you do is call the Midland City Department and they will be glad to guide you where to go so you can help our community. Another service that I have done has been to volunteer at the West Campus Hospital gift shop. It was a great experience for me; if I had the time I would make the effort to volunteer again. For people that is good at socializing with others and love organizing I would recommend volunteering at the gift shop. Volunteering Changed My Life :: Contribution to My Community Service Community Service is a great opportunity to make a difference in the area you live in. There are so many ways to volunteer. Some people are given chances to do community service when they need to pay off fines for tickets. Most people simply do because they love getting involved. It’s their way of making the community a cleaner, healthier place. Tutoring kids is one type of community service. I can say from experience teaching kids to learn is a great feeling. I know because I’ve been tutoring kids for almost seven months. You’ll be surprised how it makes you feel. To have one of your students’ parents thank you because there child has never been able to make an â€Å"A† in there reading or math class. Just hearing those words lets me know that I am already making a difference. The place that I volunteer at is Casa De Amigos and the children that go there really look up to you. Yes you’re helping them to be able to reach their goals but you’re also teaching them that helping the community can change so many lives. There are many activities that will help the community. Another way that I have experience is picking up trash. This one is very important because you are helping the environment and town that you live in. So why not help your environment to be able to apply for a scholarship. It’s also a fun way to meet people that enjoy making a difference. Picking up trash is one of the most common types of community service. There are so many volunteers a day picking up trash in their neighborhood and all around town. To be able to get involved all you do is call the Midland City Department and they will be glad to guide you where to go so you can help our community. Another service that I have done has been to volunteer at the West Campus Hospital gift shop. It was a great experience for me; if I had the time I would make the effort to volunteer again. For people that is good at socializing with others and love organizing I would recommend volunteering at the gift shop.

Palio’s Ristorante

Christopher Lee Week 6 Portfolio BUSS 150, L. Fortune Bryant & Stratton College February 20, 2013 Large number of couples living together among unmarried couples have brought a lot of issues and a lot decision making in Congress. Same sex marriage and extend Employment benefit to domestic partners have been hot topic for years. Base on heavy studies of unmarried committed partners there a law that determine the will of a person who die and that is the law of interstate.The result indicate that for some groups of unmarried committed partners, will studies may not adequately reflect the extent to which intestate decedants wish their partners to share in the estate. The statute of frauds is invoked by a defendant in a breach of contract action. If the defendant can establish that the contract he has failed to perform is legally unenforceable because it has not satisfied the requirement of the statute, then the defendant cannot be liable for its breach.For example, the written contract b een a genuine prenuptial agreement, it would have been fine. It did exactly what a â€Å"pre-nup† is supposed to do, that is, it explained the terms of the agreement in specific, understandable language. However, it was not really a pre-nup, and that single fact gave the court pausehe statute of frauds will prevent the plaintiff from recovering thewhat a â€Å"pre-nup† is supposed to do, that is, it explained the terms of the agreement in specific, understandable language.The actual written agreement those satisfied all the requirments because services have been performed based upon a contract that is unenforceable because of the statute of frauds, the value of those services can nevertheless be recovered on the basis of quantum meruit, or the reasonable value of those services. â€Å"Shaping public policy is a complex and multifaceted process that involves the interplay of numerous individuals and interest groups competing and collaborating to influence policymakers to act in a particular way.These individuals and groups use a variety of tactics and tools to advance their aims, including advocating their positions publicly, attempting to educate supporters and opponents, and mobilizing allies on a particular issue. † (Wolf Robert) The Wilcox opinion extends to cohabitants the right to recover on written contracts. However, serious questions are left unanswered regarding the enforceability of oral agreements, whether recovery is permissible on implied contracts, and whether recovery by equitable means is possible.The principal would have make since in modern world because he probably never would have guessed that it would have legal ramifications long after his death. I'd be surprised if anyone could name social norms anymore. â€Å"Normality† is being faught by the counter-culture, and with that goes society. Work Cited Law of Human Behavior, Vol 22(5) Oct 1988, 479-499 Wolf, Robert, â€Å"Definition of Policy Analysis Palio’s Ristorante Christopher Lee Week 6 Portfolio BUSS 150, L. Fortune Bryant & Stratton College February 20, 2013 Large number of couples living together among unmarried couples have brought a lot of issues and a lot decision making in Congress. Same sex marriage and extend Employment benefit to domestic partners have been hot topic for years. Base on heavy studies of unmarried committed partners there a law that determine the will of a person who die and that is the law of interstate.The result indicate that for some groups of unmarried committed partners, will studies may not adequately reflect the extent to which intestate decedants wish their partners to share in the estate. The statute of frauds is invoked by a defendant in a breach of contract action. If the defendant can establish that the contract he has failed to perform is legally unenforceable because it has not satisfied the requirement of the statute, then the defendant cannot be liable for its breach.For example, the written contract b een a genuine prenuptial agreement, it would have been fine. It did exactly what a â€Å"pre-nup† is supposed to do, that is, it explained the terms of the agreement in specific, understandable language. However, it was not really a pre-nup, and that single fact gave the court pausehe statute of frauds will prevent the plaintiff from recovering thewhat a â€Å"pre-nup† is supposed to do, that is, it explained the terms of the agreement in specific, understandable language.The actual written agreement those satisfied all the requirments because services have been performed based upon a contract that is unenforceable because of the statute of frauds, the value of those services can nevertheless be recovered on the basis of quantum meruit, or the reasonable value of those services. â€Å"Shaping public policy is a complex and multifaceted process that involves the interplay of numerous individuals and interest groups competing and collaborating to influence policymakers to act in a particular way.These individuals and groups use a variety of tactics and tools to advance their aims, including advocating their positions publicly, attempting to educate supporters and opponents, and mobilizing allies on a particular issue. † (Wolf Robert) The Wilcox opinion extends to cohabitants the right to recover on written contracts. However, serious questions are left unanswered regarding the enforceability of oral agreements, whether recovery is permissible on implied contracts, and whether recovery by equitable means is possible.The principal would have make since in modern world because he probably never would have guessed that it would have legal ramifications long after his death. I'd be surprised if anyone could name social norms anymore. â€Å"Normality† is being faught by the counter-culture, and with that goes society. Work Cited Law of Human Behavior, Vol 22(5) Oct 1988, 479-499 Wolf, Robert, â€Å"Definition of Policy Analysis

Literary Elements In Gullivers Travels - 951 Words

Seemingly a fantastical and adventurous tale at first glance, Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift depicts Lemuel Gulliver and his escapades to abnormal and mysterious lands. However, when taking a closer look, the reader notices that the book is insinuating Swifts ideas and feelings about British imperialism, social inequality, government, and supposed moralistic ways versus human nature. This satire uses literary elements, such as symbols, figurative language, and allusions, to adroitly take a stab at society, one not-so-utopic island at a time. Along with exposing society and mankind for its many flaws, these literary elements add depth and character to the book, making it less of a silly tale of gullible and wishy-washy man on†¦show more content†¦He believes that they have similar ways of living in regards to housing and cultural attributes;However, he sees through this sort of faà §ade. The Europeans seem advanced and cultured, nevertheless they are power-hungr y and imperialistic; there is more than meets the eye. Like many other governments and societies, Britain has a ruthless desire of conquering territory that the king of Brobdingnag knows all too well about. This allusion is hinting of the horridity of imperialism, and Smith’s anti-colonial attitude towards it. By including this allusion and Gulliver as a symbol of imperialism, Smith is able to show and explain the impacts on other cultures, such as Gulliver to the islands, and the overall attitude of Britain, similarly to how Gulliver still wanted to travel more and more even after devastating outcomes of previous voyages. Like Britain, he wanted more knowledge, more power, and advancement. Swift effectively contributes to the book as a satire through the symbol and allusion portraying British imperialism and colonialism. Swift also is attempting to address social inequality through the symbol of ‘fruits of the dominion’ in part 1 chapter 4, when the king is talking to Gulliver about his release and he says â€Å"....because it is certain, that an hundred mortals of your bulk, in a short time, destroy all the fruits of his majestysShow MoreRelatedSatire In Gullivers Travels1455 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent elements in their works. One of these elements that writers use is called â€Å"satire.† This element is used to make fun of something that the author disapproves of in a comical but hidden way. Widely considered as one of the greatest satirists to ever live, Jonathan Swift used satire in his works to express his disgust in society and the British Monarchy during the 18th century. One of the greatest satires ever written by Swift was Gulliver’s Travels. 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After all these experiences Gulliver still seems to make it home after an odd turn of events. In Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift uses characterization, point of view, and figurative language to show how people should be more honest and respectful whenRead MoreJonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide: An Analysis739 Words   |  3 PagesJoseph Conrad once remarked, Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men. In analyzing Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide, it is intriguing and revealing how these male authors deal with women. Through understanding how these seminal works portray women one can gain the literary criticism tools to ex amine similar social issues in other texts. In Candide, there are repeated accounts of the sexual exploitation of women. VoltaireRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Gulliver s Travels Essay1942 Words   |  8 Pages In his book, Gulliver’s Travels, it is hard to miss the various references that its author, Johnathan Swift, makes concerning bodily functions. Yet, this is more than the bawdy, juvenile toilet humor one would encounter in a cheeky T.V. show for it has a literary purpose. Scatology is used to define the literary trope of the grotesque body. Through the realist perspective, Swift employs scatology to both shock and attract. He uses it to draw attention to Gulliver’s humanity, and normalize the strangenessRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels Essay2077 Words   |  9 Pagesbook, Gulliver’s Travels, it is hard to miss the various references that its author, Johnathan Swift, makes concerning bodily functions. Yet, this is more than the bawdy, juvenile toilet humor one would encounter in a cheeky T.V. show but has a literary purpose. Scatology is used to define the literary trope of the grotesque body. Through the realist perspective Swift employs scatology as a means of satire. This invokes Swift’s contemporary politics. He uses it to draw attention to Gulliver’s humanityRead MoreA Classic Filled With Energy And Controversy2290 Words   |  10 Pageswhen creating his famous novel, Gulliver’s Travels. Swift made this novel because he loved writing satire as well as making fun of politicians. In the eighteenth century, he was an Irish clergyman who opposed the British Parliament’s ideas and despised their increasing power over the common people. The idea of Gulliver’s Travels came about and Swift wanted to show the English people that their government was becoming overpowering and corrupt. Gulliver’s Travels is an adventurous story of a manRead MoreHow Does One Define Progress?1738 Words   |  7 Pagespublishing of Robinson Crusoe in 1719, the travel novel surfaced as an increasingly popular literary form in Great Britain. This was due to the fact that travel implies going abroad and experien cing new opportunities in addition to serving as a representation of the popular imperialist mindset of the 18th century. Jonathan Swift, ever a fervent observer of society, molded Gulliver’s Travels as a parody of travel literature in order to challenge the nation’s use of travel as a vehicle of progress. TypicallyRead MoreEssay on Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - A Truly Romantic Novel847 Words   |  4 Pagesform of entertainment/writing Wuthering Heights employs many of the typical elements of the Romantic writers.   There are elements of innovative experimentation in subject, form, and style, a mixing of genres, use of powerful emotions, and several traits that could also classify Wuthering Heights as a Dark Romantic piece.   The Dark Romanticism is revealed within the strange/ non-normative story, super-natural elements, and the Gothic setting.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When originally printed theRead More Satire in the Eighteenth Century Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesaccomplish their common goal.    According to A Handbook of Literary Terms, satire is defined as a work or manner that blends a censorious attitude with humor or wit for improving human institutions or humanity (Harmon and Holman 461).   The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics further asserts that satire is both a mode of discourse or vision that asserts polemical or critical outlook, and also a specific literary genre, embodying that mode in either prose or verse (Preminger and